1) General canopy characteristics

The Järvselja Scots Pine forest inventory was carried out over a 100×100 m² area placing the origin of the coordinate system at its south-western end. In order to include also the tree crowns of the inventoried tree locations within the RAMI Scots Pine Summer stand representation it was necessary to expand the scene area slightly beyond one hectare. Maintaining the origin of the tree location coordinate system thus resulted in some negative x,y values in the table below. Overall architectural characteristics of the scene are thus as follows:

2) Foliage structure

The table below provides the structural characteristics of the Scots Pine shoots (left) and the birch leaves (right). Individual shoots of the Scots Pine trees are generated in using most of the properties presented in Table 1 of Smolander et al., 2003 (RSE). The shape of individual birch tree leaves is approximated from photographs as depicted in the right hand picture. RT models capable of representing the architecture of individual foliage elements with a series of geometric primitives (triangle, sphere, cylinder) may want to use the information provided in the ASCII (text) files accessible from the last row in each table below.

Scots pine shoot	Birch tree leaf
number of needles 190 total needle area* 122.98 cm² needle length 2.85 cm needle diameter 0.092 cm angle between twig and needle 40.5° fascicle angle 0 - 27.7° twig length 7.7 cm twig diameter 0.3 cm structural description file (geometric primitives) click here	leaf length (excluding twig) 6.92 cm Max. radial leaf extension away from the twig-to-tip axis 2.58 cm one sided leaf area 20.7 cm² twig length 0.5 cm twig diameter 0.3 cm leaf curl none structural description file (triangle mesh) click here

* This total needle area value arises if the needles are represented as elongated spheres (as is the case in the ASCII file accessible via
the link in the last row of the above left-side table). If individual needles are represented as cylinders (with discs as endcaps) then the
total needle area of the shoot is 159.03 cm². The number of shoots per pine tree should be adjusted accordingly.

3) Tree structure

The Järvselja Scots Pine forest is generated on the basis of 11 individual tree representations. Ten of these pertain to the Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris) species and one refers to Birch (Betula Pendula). The table below provides an overview of some structural characteristics of these 11 tree representations. For those RT models capable of representing the 3D architecture of a given tree through a series of geometric primitives the last lines of this table contain links to data files with detailed specifications of the foliage and wood structural properties of the Järvselja Scots Pine forest (summer) trees.

tree identifier PISY1 PISY2 PISY3 PISY4 PISY5 PISY6 PISY7 PISY8 PISY9 PISY10 BEPE tree height [m] 10.21 11.78 13.18 14.28 15.54 16.19 16.58 17.40 17.97 18.56 10.45 Foliage normal distribution: zenith angle= graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data Foliage normal distribution: azimuth angle= graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data height to live/green crown [m] 9.01 9.09 11.26 11.08 11.49 11.48 11.59 11.70 11.97 11.87 3.06 crown radiusx mean [m]: maximum [m]: picture 0.15 0.49 picture 0.31 0.75 picture 0.47 1.19 picture 0.51 1.16 picture 0.73 1.72 picture 0.95 2.19 picture 0.96 2.24 picture 1.11 2.51 picture 1.16 2.75 picture 1.42 3.70 picture 0.62 1.43 vertical profile of crown radii* [m] graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data half-total foliage area of tree# [m²] 1.2975 2.8163 5.4113 10.2691 15.3667 23.8526 31.127 39.9818 58.9458 79.0104 8.7978 vertical profile of leaf area o [m²] graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data trunk DBH+ [cm] 6.1 8.7 11.5 13.3 15.1 18.0 20.5 22.6 27.3 31.8 5.4 total wood area of tree [m²] 1.5598 2.6613 5.5951 5.7453 16.4526 22.5192 23.6616 30.3588 47.0282 79.8664 3.1673 vertical profile of wood areao [m²] graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data graph data dead branch number 9 3 36 4 13 8 8 8 0 0 0 tree shape image foliage structure (triangle mesh) file file file file file file file file file file file stem structure (triangle mesh) file file file file file file file file file file file branch structure (triangle mesh) file file file file file file file file file file file

= For shoots the zenith angle of the foliage normal is defined as the angle between the vertical and the normal of the inner/main twig of the shoot (for a shoot axis aligned along the z-axis the normal was arbitrarily chosen to lie along the y-axis). Rather than spanning the full range of possible zenith angles (i.e., from 0 to 180 degree) as could be expected for non-flat asymmetric objects, it was chosen to follow the convention of foliage normals pointing only into the upper hemisphere. This is because RAMI participants, that make use of this foliage normal distribution information, will in all likelihood have models where scatterers are represented as flat (disc or equilateral triangle shaped) objects. However, should your model require a description of the foliage normal zenith angle distribution up to 180 degrees then please do not hesitate in contacting us and we will provide this information to you. For both the zenith and azimuth angle distributions the 'graph' link shows an image of the normalised foliage normal distribution versus zenith (or azimuth) angle of the foliage normal. The 'data' files for the zenith and azimuth angle distribution have three columns indicating 1) the upper value of the zenith (or azimuth) angle in a given bin, 2) the fraction of foliage area having a normal in this zenith (or azimuth) angle range, and 3) the fraction of wood area having a normal that falls in this zenith (or azimuth) angle range. Bin angle widths were chosen to be 5 degrees and 10 degrees for zenith and azimuth angles, respectively. x The crown radius of actual trees is varying with azimuth angle. This can be seen in the various pictures showing a perspective-free nadir view of a given tree located at x=0,y=0 (concentric circles indicate the distance from the origin in steps of 0.25m). The mean and maximum values were computed from the triangle objects making up the 3D trees depicted in the picture in the the fourth-last row of each table column. * The graphs show the maximum radial distance of foliage elements in a given height interval plotted against the upper height level of that height interval. The data files have five columns: lower-height-of-bin-in-units-of-meters     upper-height-of-bin-in-units-of-meters     minimum_radial-distance_of_foliage-in-units-of-m     maximum_radial-distance_of_foliage-in-units-of-m.     mean_radial-distance_of_foliage-in-units-of-m # This value corresponds to the one-sided leaf area for flat leaves. For Scots pine trees it corresponds to the sum of the (maximum) silhouettes of all the individual needles in the tree (i.e., half the total needle area per tree). o The data files have 3 columns: lower-height-of-bin-in-units-of-meters     upper-height-of-bin-in-units-of-meters     area-of-wood-or-foliage-in-units-of-m2. + This is the nominal value derived from the inventory data for a tree of this height. The actual value of the tree representations provided in the ASCII files at the bottom of this table might be slightly different.

4) Stand structure

The Järvselja Scots Pine forest is composed of 1120 individual trees. The following table indicates how these trees are distributed among the above tree classes and specifies their respective x,y locations of the tree centers of each tree class in the forest stand. The last row of this table contains an ASCII file with tree rotation and translation information for those RT models capable of ingesting the detailed 3D architecture of the tree models specified in the previous section.

Tree species and locations for the Järvselja Scots pine (summer) stand. The origin of the coordinate system is in the lower left hand side corner of the image.

RAMI participants with 3D RT models capable of representing objects using geometric primitives can download a single compressed ZIP archive with all the tree architectural ASCII information that is listed in the above tables by clicking HERE. Note: The size of the compressed archive is about 9.3 megabytes. It contains 46 ASCII files and can be unzipped using 'WINZIP' on windows or 'unzip' on linux/unix operating systems. Beware that the inflated archive will take up 65.9 Megabytes of storage.